LO2 Connectors and Cabling

Learning Outcome 2: Understand the key components used in networking

Connectors and cabling

• Describe and identify the functions of the following:
• Leased line
• Dedicated line
• Media types e.g STP, Category 5, Coaxial, UTP, fibre optic
• Wireless
• Mobile technology

Leased Line

• It is a dedicated communication that connects two or more sites
• Service contract between customer and provide
• Acts as dedicated tunnel from one point to the others, data will flow continuously for a fixed monthly fee or rent
• Are used for internet, telephone services and data
• Run on fiber optic cables to provide large bandwidth 

Dedicated Line

• In IT, this line is particular, fiber optic cable, twisted pair cable line, or other physical cable line, available anytime for a specific service
• Also known as non-switched lines

Media Types

Stp

• Shielded Twisted Pair
• Special kind of copper telephone wire used in some business installations
• An outer covering is added to the ordinary twisted pair telephone wires as a ground

Category 5

• It is a type of cable used in Ethernet connections in local networks, and telephone and other data transmission
• Employs a twisted pair design, instead of coaxial cable or fiber optic cable design

Coaxial Cable

• Looks similar to the cable that are used in TV signal
• Solid-core copper wire runs down the middle of the cable
• Around the solid-core copper wire is the later of insulation, and braided wire and metal foil is the cover of the insulation which is shield from electromagnetic interference
• Two types of coaxial cable is thinnet and thicknet
• Thinnet is a flexible coaxial cable that is about 1/4 inch thick. Used for short distance
• Thickent is thicker than thinnet and is about 1/2 inch thick and can support data transfer over long distance

UTP

• Unshielded Twisted Pair
• Most common type of network cabling
• Consist of four twisted pair of wire with different number of twists per foot, encased on one sheat

Fibre Optic

• Refers to the medium and technology associated with the transmission of information as light pulses along a glass strand
• Can contain varying number of glass fibers from few up to a couple hundred
• Surrounding the glass fiber core is another glass layer called cladding
• A layer known as buffer tube protects the cladding and a jacket layer acts as the final protective layer for the individual strand

Wireless

• Describe numerous communication technologies that rely on wireless signal to send data than using physical medium
• In wireless transmission, the medium used in the air through electromagnetic, radio and microwave signals
• The word communication refers also to the communication between devices and other technologies

Mobile Technology

• Can travel with its user or with a piece of equipment, providing data from any geographical location
• Can virtually connect any number of parties by hosting communication and collaboration through mobile devices 

References:

Techopedia.com. (2018). What is a Leased Line? - Definition from Techopedia. [online] Available at: https://www.techopedia.com/definition/5595/leased-line [Accessed 13 Jun. 2018].

Techopedia.com. (2018). What is a Dedicated Line? - Definition from Techopedia. [online] Available at: https://www.techopedia.com/definition/14119/dedicated-line [Accessed 13 Jun. 2018].

Techopedia.com. (2018). What is a Dedicated Line? - Definition from Techopedia. [online] Available at: https://www.techopedia.com/definition/14119/dedicated-line [Accessed 13 Jun. 2018].

Omnisecu.com. (2018). Coaxial cables, Twisted Pair STP and UTP cables, Twisted Pair Cable Categories (CAT). [online] Available at: http://www.omnisecu.com/basic-networking/common-network-cable-types.php [Accessed 13 Jun. 2018].

Techwalla. (2018). Types of Media Used in Computer Networking | Techwalla.com. [online] Available at: https://www.techwalla.com/articles/types-of-media-used-in-computer-networking [Accessed 13 Jun. 2018].

SearchNetworking. (2018). What is shielded twisted pair? - Definition from WhatIs.com. [online] Available at: https://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/shielded-twisted-pair [Accessed 13 Jun. 2018].

SearchTelecom. (2018). What is fiber optics (optical fiber)? - Definition from WhatIs.com. [online] Available at: https://searchtelecom.techtarget.com/definition/optical-fiber [Accessed 13 Jun. 2018].

Techopedia.com. (2018). What is Wireless? - Definition from Techopedia. [online] Available at: https://www.techopedia.com/definition/2993/wireless [Accessed 13 Jun. 2018].

Falk, S. (2017). What is Mobile Technology and What Does it Mean for the Construction Industry?. [online] eSUB Construction Software. Available at: https://esub.com/what-is-mobile-technology-and-what-does-it-mean-for-the-construction-industry/ [Accessed 13 Jun. 2018].

Techopedia.com. (2018). What is a Category 5 Cable (Cat5 Cable)? - Definition from Techopedia. [online] Available at: https://www.techopedia.com/definition/23270/category-5-cable-cat5-cable [Accessed 13 Jun. 2018].

LO2 Network and interconnection devices

Network Devices

• Explain what is a workstation and NIC. Describe their functions and find a diagram
• Identify the different types of servers (Print, Mail, Web, Proxy, File). Describe the features and functions of each server. Include images where applicable

Interconnection Devices

• Router, Switch, Wireless Access Point
• Describe the different network devices identified above, and include its purpose, features and functions. Include images

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Network Devices:

Workstation is a computer for individual use which is faster and more capable than a personal computer. 

NIC stands for network interface card, in which it is a circuit board that is installed in a computer connected to a network.

Functions: 

Act as a middleman between the computer and the data network

Different types of servers:

Print - Manages the printers that are connected to the network. The printing of user documents on the network printers

Mail - transfers and stores mails over the network through LANs, WANs and across the internet

Proxy - acts as mediator between the client and a server to filter requests, improve performance and share connections

File - Stores the users data files

Interconnection Devices:

Router

It is a network device in which responsible for routing traffic from one to another network. 

Purposes:

1. Making sure the data is directed to the correct destination (email is being sent to the correct internet provider and recipient) 
2. The router prevents data from going where is not permitted (large file being distributed to all machines on a network)

Functions:

1. Forwards data packets to its destination
2. Changes the IP address of the destination of data packets before forwarding them
3. Acts as an intersection between the multiple IP networks

Switch

It is like a hub but switch works at the layer of LAN but it is more intelligent than a hub.

Wireless Access Point

It is a hardware device on a local area network that allows wireless devices and wired networks to connect through wireless standard (Wi-Fi). 

Purposes:

Provide network connectivity in office environments and allowing employees to work anywhere in the office and remain connected to the network

Features:

1. Front Panel - consists of light displaying all the information about the network acitivity
2. Back Panel - consists of reset button, ethernet port and power port. 
3. Antennas and Positions - There are three antennas that are located at the back, in a standing position and can be rotated to 90 degrees. 

References:

SearchNetworking. (2018). What is network interface card (NIC)? - Definition from WhatIs.com. [online] Available at: https://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/network-interface-card [Accessed 29 May 2018].

SearchMobileComputing. (2018). What is workstation? - Definition from WhatIs.com. [online] Available at: https://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/workstation [Accessed 29 May 2018].

Techspirited. (2018). A List of the Different Types of Servers You Must Know About. [online] Available at: https://techspirited.com/different-types-of-servers [Accessed 29 May 2018].

Shekhar, A. (2016). Different Networking Devices And Hardware Types — Hub, Switch, Router, Modem, Bridge, Repeater. [online] Fossbytes. Available at: https://fossbytes.com/networking-devices-and-hardware-types/ [Accessed 29 May 2018].

Techopedia.com. (2018). What is a Wireless Access Point (WAP)? - Definition from Techopedia. [online] Available at: https://www.techopedia.com/definition/13538/wireless-access-point-wap [Accessed 29 May 2018].

Techwalla. (2018). How to Turn a Router Into a Proxy Server | Techwalla.com. [online] Available at: https://www.techwalla.com/articles/how-to-turn-a-router-into-a-proxy-server [Accessed 29 May 2018].

ProProfs. (2018). What are two functions of a router? - ProProfs. [online] Available at: https://www.proprofs.com/discuss/q/310752/what-are-two-functions-of-a-router-choose [Accessed 29 May 2018].

Wireless, A. (2018). Features Of Wireless Access Point. [online] Avalan.com. Available at: https://www.avalan.com/blog/bid/382298/Features-Of-Wireless-Access-Point [Accessed 29 May 2018].

Itstillworks.com. (2018). [online] Available at: https://itstillworks.com/function-network-interface-card-1422.html [Accessed 29 May 2018].

Fthmb.tqn.com. (2018). [online] Available at: https://fthmb.tqn.com/wSluszBhz3JJi_9DRVhXAP1PJ58=/768x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Qle3442-cu_10gbe_nic-5aee673cff1b780036491a47.jpg [Accessed 29 May 2018].

Slidegeeks.com. (2018). [online] Available at: https://www.slidegeeks.com/pics/dgm/l/b/business_framework_network_diagram_sample_powerpoint_presentation_1.jpg [Accessed 29 May 2018].

Assets.pcmag.com. (2018). [online] Available at: https://assets.pcmag.com/media/images/445869-tp-link-archer-c7-ac1750-wireless-dual-band-gigabit-router-v2.jpg?width=810&height=456 [Accessed 29 May 2018].

Fthmb.tqn.com. (2018). [online] Available at: https://fthmb.tqn.com/i3ReyQD9h-DbGhpVvUCSC2U8L7E=/300x274/filters:fill(auto,1)/linksys_wap54g-400-56a1ad223df78cf7726cf853.jpg [Accessed 29 May 2018].

Sqa.org.uk. (2018). Types of Network Server. [online] Available at: https://www.sqa.org.uk/e-learning/HardOSEss04CD/page_33.htm [Accessed 29 May 2018].

Wireless Technologies

Activity
Research the different wireless technologies. Provide the following:

• Description
• Diagram (if applicable)
• Example
• (802.11, Infrared, Bluetooth, 3G)

Identify the differences between the various types of 802.11

• 802.11b
• 802.11g
• 802.11n

Different types of wireless technologies:

1. 802.11
2. Infrared
3. Bluetooth
4. 3G

802.11

- It is wireless local area networks (WLANs)

- Developed by a working group of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

- Most of the specifications uses the Ethernet protocol and Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA) in order to share messages or information. 

802.11b
- It is a Wifi that is developed by the IEEE to send and transmit data over the wireless network.
- Operates on a 2.4 GHz band
- Allows for wireless data that transfers up to 11 Mbps.
- Standard for wireless local area networks (WLANs)
- Often called as wifi

802.11g
- It is a standard for wireless local area network (WLANs)
- It operates on a 2.4 GHz bandwidth
- Supports data transfer rates up to 54 mbps
- Wifi standard that is developed by the IEEE to transmit data over the wireless network.
- Also can configure 802.11g wireless router to only accept 802.11g devices. This will make sure that the network runs at its top speed.

802.11n
- It is a wireless standard (wifi)
- It supports long distance and higher wireless transfer rates
- The devices under 802.11n support MIMO (multiple in, multiple out) data transfers. This means it can transmit lots of data at once.
- Any wireless router that uses 802.11n may have twice the radius of coverage as 802.11g router. It simply means that a sing;e 802.11n router can cover the entire household, while the 802.11g might require additional routers to bridge the signal.

Infrared
- The use of wireless technology in devices that transmit data through infrared (IR) radiation.
- Infrared is the electromagnetic energy at a wavelength that is longer than those red light.
- The shortest wavelength IR borders visibly in the electromagnetic radiation spectrum
- The longest wavelength IR borders in radio waves

Bluetooth

- It is an open wireless technology standard for transmitting fixed and mobile electronic device data over short distances. 

- Bluetooth communicates with a variety of electronic devices that creates personal networks operating within the unlicensed 2.4 GHz band. 

3G

- Is the third generation of wireless technologies

- It comes with enhancement over precious wireless technologies

- Mostly used with mobile phones and handsets, to connect the phone to the internet or other IP networks to make voice and video calls, to download and upload data and to surf the web.

References:
SearchMobileComputing. (2018). What is 802.11? - Definition from WhatIs.com. [online] Available at: https://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/80211 [Accessed 2 May 2018].

Techopedia.com. (2018). What is Bluetooth? - Definition from Techopedia. [online] Available at: https://www.techopedia.com/definition/26198/bluetooth [Accessed 2 May 2018].

Lifewire. (2018). What Is 3G Wireless Technology?. [online] Available at: https://www.lifewire.com/what-is-3g-3426465 [Accessed 2 May 2018].

Encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com. (2018). [online] Available at: https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTdaz7HV9sOWEbm5NYueBtiIzFyFV0D10BgvaYW9rz9hXBzxVxn [Accessed 2 May 2018].

Techterms.com. (2018). 802.11b Definition. [online] Available at: https://techterms.com/definition/80211b [Accessed 8 May 2018].

SearchMobileComputing. (2018). What is 802.11b? - Definition from WhatIs.com. [online] Available at: https://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/80211b [Accessed 8 May 2018].

SearchMobileComputing. (2018). What is 802.11g? - Definition from WhatIs.com. [online] Available at: https://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/80211g [Accessed 8 May 2018].

Techterms.com. (2018). 802.11g Definition. [online] Available at: https://techterms.com/definition/80211g [Accessed 8 May 2018].

Techterms.com. (2018). 802.11n Definition. [online] Available at: https://techterms.com/definition/80211n [Accessed 8 May 2018].

SearchMobileComputing. (2018). What is IR wireless (infrared wireless)? - Definition from WhatIs.com. [online] Available at: https://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/IR-wireless [Accessed 8 May 2018].

Fthmb.tqn.com. (2018). [online] Available at: https://fthmb.tqn.com/ZAth1ZtYzLztRUvcI2OONUqDJNI=/768x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/173923630-56a9d1cc3df78cf772aacc54.jpg [Accessed 8 May 2018].

Network Protocols & Standards

Activity
Research the different network protocols & standards types

• Brief description
• Diagram

Network Protocols & Standards

- It is a language used by a system that wish to communicate with one another

Types of network protocols

1. TCP/IP
2. Apple talk
3. UDP
4. 802.2
5. 802.3
6. FDDI
7. 802.5

TCP/IP

- Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol

- It breaks data into packet

- The message is divided into packets then the message is delivered with their own IP address and then the message is convert it into bits before sending the message

- This protocol is the most commonly used network protocols

- All computers is connected to the internet uses TCP/IP

- Consists of three (3) main protocols:

1. TCP (transmission control protocol)
2. UDP (user datagram protocol)
3. IP (internet protocol)

TCP

- The sender and receiver must agree to have a connection between each other

- This will make sure data transfer is completed successfully or report an error

- To make sure the message will correctly received by the receiver

- It is reliable because you know other side is online

UDP

- User Datagram Protocol

- Sending message or information directly without any connection

- It is unreliable because you dont know other side is online or not.

Apple Talk

- Only use for apple products

- Can be implemented into two phases:

Phase 1: small group or network

Phase 2: larger group or network

802.2

- Logical link layer

- It is an IEEE 802.2 logical link control (IEEE stands for Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers)

- Runs on data link layer of the OSI model

- Think as the translator for the data link layer for the message that will be send to the data link layer, so that the message can be understood by the computer

802.3

- Ethernet

- Used by the LAN products that defines CSMA/CD

- Has four (4) data rates:

1. 10 Base - T Ethernet (10 mbps)
2. Fast Ethernet (100 mbps)
3. Gigabyte Ethernet (1000 mbps)
4. 10 - gigabit ethernet (10 gbps)

FDDI

- Fiber Distributed Data Interface

- It specifies:

• 100 mbps token passing
• dual ring LAN using fiber optic cable

- Using dual ring architecture with traffic on each ring flowing in opposite directions (counter rotating)

- It consists of primary and secondary ring

- During normal operation only 1 ring is used (primary), the other ring is only for backup

802.5

- Token ring


References:

Studytonight.com. (2018). [online] Available at: https://www.studytonight.com/computer-networks/images/Figure35-1.png [Accessed 2 May 2018].

Technologyuk.net. (2018). [online] Available at: https://www.technologyuk.net/telecommunications/networks/images/appletalk.gif [Accessed 2 May 2018].

Csc.columbusstate.edu. (2018). [online] Available at: http://csc.columbusstate.edu/summers/NOTES/cs458/chap05/img051.gif [Accessed 2 May 2018].

Mcmcse.com. (2018). [online] Available at: http://www.mcmcse.com/glossary/images/fddi.jpg [Accessed 2 May 2018].

Network Model

Activity
Research network models: OSI Model and TCP/IP. Provide the following:

• Describe the purpose of each model
• Diagram
• Describe each layer of both model
• Identify the protocols for each layer

OSI Model

• It is an Open Systems Interconnection model
• The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Model is a conceptual and logical layout that defines network communication used by systems open to interconnection and communication with other systems.
• There are seven (7) layers:
• Application - the layer in which is the closest to the end user. Any application that work in this layer are the ones that users interact directly. Examples: Web browser (Google Chrome)
• Presentation - it is the area that is independent of data representation at the application layer. It represents the preparation of application format to network format. 
• Session - it involve setup, coordination and termination between the application at each of the session
• Transport - it deals with the data transfer between end systems and hosts. 
• Network - it responsible for packet forwarding. 
• Data Link - this layer provides node-to-node data transfer and it also handles error correction from the physical layer
• Physical - this includes the cable type, radio frequency link. When there is a networking problem occurs, they will check at the physical layer to check that all of the cables are connected properly and the power plug is not pulled from the router, switch or computer.

TCP/IP

• It is Transmission Control Protocol and Internet Protocol
• It is a network model that is used in the current Internet architecture
• There are four (4) layers:
• Application - it is the top of the protocol stack. It allows peer entities to carry conversation. 
• Transport - the data transmission can be in parallel or in a single path
• Internet - it is the layer which holds the whole architecture. It also helps the packet to travel independently to reach its destination. The protocol used in this layer is the Internet Protocol. 
• Network Access Layer - it is the lowest layer. The protocol is used to connect to the host so the packet can be sent

References:

Techopedia.com. (2018). What is the OSI Model? - Definition from Techopedia. [online] Available at: https://www.techopedia.com/definition/24205/open-systems-interconnection-model-osi-model [Accessed 25 Apr. 2018].

Shaw, K. (2018). The OSI model explained: How to understand (and remember) the 7 layer network model . [online] Network World. Available at: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3239677/lan-wan/the-osi-model-explained-how-to-understand-and-remember-the-7-layer-network-model.html [Accessed 24 Apr. 2018].

Remoteutilities.com. (2018). [online] Available at: https://www.remoteutilities.com/images/blog/osi-model.jpg [Accessed 25 Apr. 2018].

Studytonight.com. (2018). Introduction to TCP/IP Reference Model | Studytonight. [online] Available at: https://www.studytonight.com/computer-networks/tcp-ip-reference-model [Accessed 25 Apr. 2018].

Network Topologies

Choose at least Five (5) different network topologies. Provide the following:

• Description
• Diagram
• 2 advantages & 2 disadvantages 

Network Topologies

• It is an arrangement which computer systems or network devices is connected to each other.
• There are two (2) types of topologies, physical and logical

Logical Topologies:

• It is how devices appear to be connected to the user

Physical Topologies:

• It is how they are interconnected with wires and cables

Different Network Topologies:

1. Point-to-point topology
2. Bus topology
3. Star topology
4. Ring topology
5. Mesh topology
6. Tree topology

Point-to-point topology

• It is where two (2) devices is connected
• It is also where two (2) hosts (computer and switch) is connected back to back by using a single piece of cable. 

Bus topology

• It is when all devices shares a single communication line or cable
• In bus topology, there will have a problem while the hosts is sending the data at the same time
• If one of the connection or communication line is fail, then it can make all other devices to stop communicating. 

Star topology

• It is connected to a central device that is known as hub.
• Many devices are connected to only one (1) hub or switch. 
• The problem is when only one (1) switch, if the switch is broken then there is no connection between the hosts. 

Ring topology

• Each host machine connects to two other machines creating a circular network structure.
• The advantages: 

1. If one (1) device is fail, then there is another way to send the message
2. Sending of the message is faster because the cable is only use by the centre
3. If you want to connect one (1) host (computer), it is easy to find the cable and add another one. 

• The disadvantages:

1. Sending documents by using token ring but if the token ring is full, then it must wait or queue up.
2. The message that is being send may be read by other devices

Mesh topology

• The host is connected to one or multiple hosts
• (Advantages) There are many ways to send the message
• (Advantages) Fast flow because there are more cables is being used.
• (Disadvantage) It is very expensive to set up 
• In mesh topology, there are many point-to-point connection
• There comes in full or partial (types of mesh)

Full Mesh

• All hosts have point-to-point connection to every other host in the network
• It provides more reliable network

Partial Mesh

• Not all host are connected to each other.

Tree topology

• Also known as hierarchical topology
• Most common form of network topology use
• (Advantage) It is fast
• (Advantage) Suitable for office use
• (Disadvantage) It is expensive

References:

Anon

Mplsnet.files.wordpress.com. (2018). [online] Available at: https://mplsnet.files.wordpress.com/2014/06/p2p1.png [Accessed 18 Apr. 2018].

Website

Anon

3.bp.blogspot.com. (2018). [online] Available at: https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBoC_gDlNlY4UO9-9WnoW9AmQD274y4CzGB6rdQyqtBUM7niFqvIqP_vcxVeRraofAki2WQqK8O1akasjIRbhCVBepTBA-0jhLmB24Td6rYWxOyFYS7hga96iK2sPrbLZ_BAtJtQrRUvqw/s1600/Bus+topology.JPG [Accessed 18 Apr. 2018].

Anon

Solarexinstitute.com.ng. (2018). [online] Available at: https://www.solarexinstitute.com.ng/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/lW0Xvyc.jpg [Accessed 18 Apr. 2018].

Anon

Fossbytes.com. (2018). [online] Available at: http://fossbytes.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Ring-topology.jpg [Accessed 18 Apr. 2018].

Anon

Networking-basics.net. (2018). [online] Available at: http://www.networking-basics.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Mesh-Topology-282x300.jpg [Accessed 18 Apr. 2018].

Anon

I0.wp.com. (2018). [online] Available at: https://i0.wp.com/jharaphula.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/tree-topology.jpg [Accessed 18 Apr. 2018].

Computer Network LAN Lab 8

Activity:
Designing A LAN for Lab 8

Types of Network

Group members:
Nurzawanah Aqilah
Erra Aziemah

Research at least FOUR (4) different types of network.

Network is when two components that are connected together to share resources or information, for example exchange files.

Types of network:

1. Local Area Network (LAN)
It is a network that work inside a building used to communicate with each computer.
LAN works for two or three users or several hundred users in a larger office.
For instance, small office network.

2. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
A network that works in one city.
A MAN connect geographically separated LANs.
Example, in a university.

3. Wide Area Network (WAN)
It covers a large geographic area.
WAN links more than one LAN and is utilize for larger geographical area.
Example, country or state

4. Personal Area Network (PAN)
It is a interconnection of devices within our range.
It works wirelessly connected through wireless internet.
Example: bluetooth speaker

References:

Cfile30.uf.tistory.com. (2018). [online] Available at: http://cfile30.uf.tistory.com/image/24439B33575F59232363E6  [Accessed 10 Apr. 2018].

Gyanmenia.com. (2018). [online] Available at: http://www.gyanmenia.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/MAN-1.jpg [Accessed 10 Apr. 2018].

Netprivateer.com. (2018). [online] Available at: https://www.netprivateer.com/images/lanwan.gif [Accessed 10 Apr. 2018].

Conceptdraw.com. (2018). [online] Available at: http://www.conceptdraw.com/How-To-Guide/picture/personal-area-network.png  [Accessed 10 Apr. 2018].

Shaw (2013). Types of computer network. [online] Slideshare.net. Available at: https://www.slideshare.net/amitdrtc/types-of-computer-network-18102582 [Accessed 10 Apr. 2018].

SearchNetworking. (2018). What is local area network (LAN)? - Definition from WhatIs.com. [online] Available at: https://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/local-area-network-LAN [Accessed 10 Apr. 2018].

FreeWimaxInfo.com. (2016). What is Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) how its works - types - Advantages | FreeWimaxInfo.com. [online] Available at: http://freewimaxinfo.com/metropolitan-area-network-man.html [Accessed 10 Apr. 2018].

prezi.com. (2018). LANs MANs WANs. [online] Available at: https://prezi.com/6zagxe4d9jzf/lans-mans-wans/ [Accessed 10 Apr. 2018].

Techopedia.com. (2018). What is a Wide Area Network (WAN)? - Definition from Techopedia. [online] Available at: https://www.techopedia.com/definition/5409/wide-area-network-wan[Accessed 10 Apr. 2018].

Rasool (2017). Personal Area Network. [online] Slideshare.net. Available at: https://www.slideshare.net/faizanhussain14/personal-area-network-75103991 [Accessed 10 Apr. 2018].